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Meng, W. et al. Efficient generation of monoclonal antibodies from single rhesus macaque antibody secreting cells. MAbs 7, 707–718 (2015). van de Sluis B, Mao X, Zhai Y, Groot AJ, Vermeulen JF, van der Wall E et al. COMMD1 disrupts HIF-1alpha/beta dimerization and inhibits human tumor cell invasion. J Clin Invest 2010; 120: 2119–2130. Fedoseienko A, Wieringa HW, Wisman GBA, Duiker E, Reyners AKL, Hofker MH et al. Nuclear COMMD1 is associated with cisplatin sensitivity in ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0165385. Mu P, Nagahara S, Makita N, Tarumi Y, Kadomatsu K, Takei Y . Systemic delivery of siRNA specific to tumor mediated by atelocollagen: combined therapy using siRNA targeting Bcl-xL and cisplatin against prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 2978–2990. a) Diagram of full-length (FL) DDR1 (top) and tumour curves of either E0771 Ddr1-WT or KO tumour cells carrying various DDR1 expression vectors: empty vector (EV), FL, deletion of the kinase domain (ΔKD), and extracellular domain (ECD) only. All p values were compared to KO + EV group. TM: transmembrane domain. WT: n = 9 tumours, KO+EV: n = 10 tumours, KO+FL: n = 10 tumours, KO+ ΔKD: n = 6 tumours, KO+ECD: n = 5 tumours. ( b) Crystal structure of mouse DDR1 collagen-binding domain, generated by Jmol software ( http://www.jmol.org/). Amino acid residues targeted in the mutational analysis are shown. ( c) Immunoblots of Flag-tagged mouse WT DDR1-ECD and point mutants ectopically expressed in M-Wnt tumour cells, with GAPDH as the loading control. Images are representatives from three independent experiments. ( d) Immunoblots of Flag-tagged mouse WT DDR1-ECD and point mutants ectopically expressed in AT-3 tumour cells, with GAPDH as the loading control. Images are representatives from three independent experiments. ( e–f) Growth curves of M-Wnt (e) and AT-3 (f) Ddr1-KO tumours with ectopically expressed mouse WT DDR1-ECD or collagen-binding point mutants. The numbers in parenthesis indicate outgrowing tumours (larger than 100 mm 3) versus total injected. ( g, h) Immunoblots of full-length DDR1 in cells and soluble ECD in conditioned medium from various mouse (g) and triple-negative human breast cancer cell lines plus ER-positive MCF7 (h). Images are representatives from three independent experiments. ( i) Coomassie staining of recombinant Fc-ECD under non-reducing and reducing conditions. ( j) Rescue of Ddr1-KO E0771 tumour growth in immunocompetent hosts by recombinant Fc-ECD versus PBS vehicle (n = 6 tumours/group). ( k) Diagram of the Transwell assay for CD8 + T cell migration. Primary CD8 + T cells were loaded in the upper chamber that had been pre-seeded with decellularized ECM derived from tumour cells. The lower chamber contained medium with or without CCL21. ( l) CD8 + T cells in vitro migration activity was abrogated by decellularized ECM from AT-3 tumour cells in a DDR1-dependent manner. Value of migrated CD8 + T cell number without ECM and CCL12 is set at “1” (lanes 1 and 2: n = 3; lanes 3 and 4: n = 7), n refers to technical repeats. Values represent mean ± SEM. p value as indicated, two-tailed Student’s t-test for all tests except for tumour volumes, which were done by two-way ANOVA.

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YouTube sets this cookie to register a unique ID to store data on what videos from YouTube the user has seen. Jimenez-Sanchez, A., Cast, O. & Miller, M. L. Comprehensive benchmarking and integration of tumor microenvironment cell estimation methods. Cancer Res. 79, 6238–6246 (2019). This is done to preserve the anonymity of the people in that area, as some postcodes cover a very small area, sometimes a single building.Join us on our 14 month BIT Apprenticeship scheme and you will be trained on our process paths while also growing Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA Jiang, P. et al. Signatures of T cell dysfunction and exclusion predict cancer immunotherapy response. Nat. Med. 24, 1550–1558 (2018).